This paper aims to evaluate the relationship between EXPORTS diversification and productivity for nine Iranian MANUFACTURING industries using a panel data approach. Empirical results indicate that productivity and EXPORTS have similar trends over the period considered in this study. Indicators such as capital-labor ratio in sub-sectors of the MANUFACTURING and the real effective exchange rate have positive effects on productivity. EXPORTS diversity index has also a positive and significant impact on productivity such that one percentage change in this index increases productivity by 1.8 percent. The effect of trade liberalization on MANUFACTURING productivity is negative and negligible, implying that, to promote productivity, policymakers should consider other fundamental and institutional factors in addition to the foreign trade.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the home market effect in the monopolistic competition market in Iran. The home market effect was investigated in 12 industries based on ISIC two-digit classification published provincially by the Iranian Statistics Center for the period 2001 to 2013. Results show that home market effect exist only in the industry of "production of motor vehicles, trailer and semi-trailer". Therefore, high demand for the products of this industry can lead to EXPORTS. In other industries, relatively high demand for the products of these industries in country will generally lead to be a net importer of these goods. Based on the results, investment in the industry, which has the home market effect, is suggested.

Technology and scientific knowledge developed by higher education play imperative role in the production process of MANUFACTURING goods. Labor forces, in a higher level of education, are able to cause technological changes by which significant rises are occurred in commodity exporting capacity and competitive ability in international markets.The present paper investigates the impact of higher education on Iran’s MANUFACTURING EXPORTS, and it tests the hypothesis that improvement in higher education, particularly in long run, can influence positively the non oil export supply. Specifying an empirical framework and then using data for the period 1966–1999, we employ the Johansen – Juselius co-integration method and Error Correction Model (ECM) to estimate, respectively, long run and short-run determinants of Iran’s MANUFACTURING export supply. Overall, estimation results obtained reveal the fact that there is a substantial significant flexibility of higher education coefficient in the long-run export model, whereas the correspondent short-run coefficient is not statistically significant. The implication is that the policy makers should consider enhancement in higher education as the human capital role in the promotion of Iranian non-oil EXPORTS.

According to the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) theory, besides labor force and capital other production factors such as energy and indicators of environment quality may affect exporting potentials of goods and services in an economy. Accordingly, the objective of this paper is to explore the effects of the main determinants, particularly carbon dioxide emission intensity, which is a proxy for environment quality, on the net EXPORTS of the selected MANUFACTURING products (auto parts and petrochemical products) between Iran and its major trading partners. Basically, an econometric model for Iran’ s net EXPORTS is applied to these trading products specifying two panel regression equations using the data of 21 Iran’ s partners over 2000-2019. Empirical results have been obtained by estimating two regression equations of auto parts and petrochemical products net EXPORTS using panel GLS method. Based on the empirical results, there is a significant and negative effect of the ratio of Iran’ s carbon dioxide intensity to that of its trading partner on net EXPORTS of auto parts, which implies a decrease in the trade deficit of these products. In contrast, the results show that the environmental quality significantly and negatively affects the net EXPORTS of the petrochemical products implying a rise in the ratio of Iran’ s carbon dioxide intensity to that of its trading partner, which decreases Iran’ s net EXPORTS of the petrochemical products.

Due to the importance of developing non-oil EXPORTS in the country, the industry sector is one of the important economic sectors that, through creating new job opportunities, meeting the needs of technology and machinery of other sectors, on the one hand, meet the basic and welfare needs of people. and on the other hand, it creates desirable institutional and social changes. Therefore, the place of the industry in achieving economic development is undeniable and prominent. So, in this study, the cement export market, which is one of the basic and strategic industries, has been studied. The purpose of this paper is to use the Melitz model to examine the effect of productivity along with financial variables (capital intensity and debt) and exchange rates on the export growth of Iranian cement MANUFACTURING firms during the period 2003-2020. Thus, by the Solow model, panel data, FGLS method, first the productivity of each firm was calculated. Then, by PMG method, the short-term and long-term effects of firms’ productivity on the export growth of Iranian cement MANUFACTURING firms were estimated. In the following the effect of firm financial structure and exchange rate variables along with firms’ productivity was estimated. The results show that productivity and other variables do not effect on the growth of firms’ EXPORTS in the short run, but in the long run, productivity and other effective factors have had a significant effect on the export growth of firms. Therefore, productivity is a necessary and not sufficient condition for the export of firms’ cement in Iran. Also, considering a productivity threshold for Iraq as the most important destination country of Iranian cement among other countries, existence positive relationship between productivity higher than the threshold of cement exporters and their EXPORTS to Iraq indicates the application of the Melitz model in Iranian cement EXPORTS.

In this investigation, first the equation of food demand was estimated using an almost ideal demand system (AIDS) and the Iranian cross sectional survey of income expenditure in 2005. Because of the cross sectional form of the data, the prices were calculated as marginal or unit values. Then by applying the elasticities of food categories, nutrient elasticities were extracted using Lancaster technology of consumption. These elasticities are useful to the analysis of the effects of aid policy on food demand and nutrient consumption respectively, and show the effects of the change in one food category price or food expenditure on the availability of each nutrient. In this article, as demand equation is blocked-recursive simultaneous system and zero value is a dependent variable, we use seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) and Tobit model.In another section, effects on demographic variables on food prices are examined. These variables are age, education, region, urban or rural and Percapita income. Results have shown that more food expenditure causes more food quality or food consumption and education, household size and other demographic variables are often effective on the quality of food.

The multiple objective of this paper was: 1) to identify the effective detenninants of labor factor productivity and 2) to measure the extent of the effect of labor productivity on production costs and export of MANUFACTURING products in Iran. For this purpose, based on (ISIC-2 digit) time-series MANUFACTURING data for (1994-99) period, a system of simultaneous equations system was utilized, using an I2SLS regressiontechnique. The results indicatedthe educationand dexteritylevel of industrial labor force in Iran has had an appreciableand meaningfuleffect on labor productivityduring the study period.Moreover,increasedlabor productivitythat was experiencedby the industry, has resulted in a reductionin the unit labor cost, which in turn, has led to reductionin average cost of production, making Iranian MANUFACTURING EXPORTS more competitive. The results do not show any significant and meaningful effect of MANUFACTURING EXPORTS on industrial labor productivity, and thus, gives no support to the "learning-by-exporting" hypothesis.The papercalls for an effectivegovernmentpolicyto strengthenthe integrationand consistencyof the industryslabor forceeducationand specializationrequirementswith the educationalprogramswithin the higher education system in order to enhance the international competitivenessof the MANUFACTURINGsectorin Iran.

This paper investigates the effect of foreign trade and human capital on economic growth using pooling data for the OIC member countries over the period1980-2003. For this purpose, the Soderbom-Teal (2003) growth model is respecified with the variables such as growth of MANUFACTURING EXPORTS, MANUFACTURING imports, human capital, labor force and physical capital. The empirical results indicate a positive effect of human capital on economic growth. In addition, an interacted relationship between trade and human capital has significantly affected growth of the selected OIC countries during the period under-consideration. According to the empirical results obtained, the significant role of MANUFACTURING tradable products in economic growth is implemented as a result of human capital effect. Therefore, investment in human resources to improve skill levels of labor force and technology provides the OIC countries with a larger capacity of trade and growth.

In this study long and short run effects of growth of agricultural EXPORTS on industrial EXPORTS and economic growth of Iran were investigated by using data during the period of 1348-1381. Vector Autoregressive Model with focus on impulse response function and orthogonal zed strategy under Choleski method were used. The results indicated that: in the long and short run, growth of agricultural EXPORTS had negative effect on GDP growth and the effect of agricultural EXPORTS in short run was positive but in long run was negative on industrial EXPORTS. Finally, integral diversification of non-oil EXPORTS, expansion of cooperation in export field and research and development units, government support in the field of agricultural EXPORTS are suggested.